#Barotrauma game medicine skin

#Barotrauma game medicine skin

A particular skin involvement is cutis marmorata, which usually manifests itself with the form of itchy or painful reddish bluish discoloration, generally considered mild decompression sickness (DCS), and relies on high-pressure recompression therapy. Additional and more rare presentations involve the cutaneous and lymphatic system, which led to itching, marbling, and skin edema with an orange peel appearance. Osteonecrosis can occur in divers who experienced deep and prolonged exposure in caisson, diving instructors, and commercial divers. A history of prior musculoskeletal DCS increases the risk of osteonecrosis. The symptoms of musculoskeletal involvement may disappear within a few hours or persist for 4–5 days. Myalgia with variable localization is also frequent, and it is the expression of the activation of the cascade of inflammation, mediated by the nitrogen bubbles. Shoulders and elbows are generally the most frequently involved joints. The most common manifestation remains however, the joint pain, which derives from the fact that the movements of the bone heads can cause negative pressure, therefore attracts gas bubbles. The patient may complain of general malaise, asthenia, and fatigue.

It is the least severe form of DCS, in which no neurological, cardiovascular, or respiratory symptoms appear. It is the most common type of DCS and causes joint pain that is often confused with pain from injuries. Such an approach is critical for the effective treatment of patients in a hostile environment, or treatment in the emergency room after exposure to extreme physical or environmental factors. The last three parts will be dedicated to gas embolism, inert gas narcosis, and oxygen toxicity. In the next part, we will review the barotrauma, compression, and decompression. We will first introduce the two forms of decompression sickness. We will then review the clinical manifestations and illustrate some hints of therapy. Overall, four clinical pictures can occur: decompression illness, barotrauma, inert gas narcosis, and oxygen toxicity. Manifestations of dysbarism range from itching and minor pain to neurological symptoms, cardiac collapse, and death. Starting from the underlying physical laws, we will deal with the pathologies that can develop in the most frequently affected areas of the body, as the atmospheric pressure varies when acclimatization fails. In the following review, we take dysbarisms into account for our analysis. Dysbarism is a general term which includes the signs and symptoms that can manifest when the body is subject to an increase or a decrease in the atmospheric pressure which occurs either at a rate or duration exceeding the capacity of the body to adapt safely.